Description of fast matrix multiplication algorithm: ⟨3×8×22:405⟩

Algorithm type

64⁢X3⁢Y3⁢Z2+16⁢X2⁢Y3⁢Z3+96⁢X3⁢Y3⁢Z+24⁢X⁢Y3⁢Z3+2⁢X3⁢Y2⁢Z+53⁢X2⁢Y2⁢Z2+4⁢X⁢Y4⁢Z+2⁢X⁢Y2⁢Z3+11⁢X3⁢Y⁢Z+4⁢X2⁢Y2⁢Z+4⁢X⁢Y3⁢Z+6⁢X⁢Y2⁢Z2+12⁢X⁢Y⁢Z3+2⁢X2⁢Y⁢Z+30⁢X⁢Y2⁢Z+30⁢X⁢Y⁢Z2+45⁢X⁢Y⁢Z64X3Y3Z216X2Y3Z396X3Y3Z24XY3Z32X3Y2Z53X2Y2Z24XY4Z2XY2Z311X3YZ4X2Y2Z4XY3Z6XY2Z212XYZ32X2YZ30XY2Z30XYZ245XYZ64*X^3*Y^3*Z^2+16*X^2*Y^3*Z^3+96*X^3*Y^3*Z+24*X*Y^3*Z^3+2*X^3*Y^2*Z+53*X^2*Y^2*Z^2+4*X*Y^4*Z+2*X*Y^2*Z^3+11*X^3*Y*Z+4*X^2*Y^2*Z+4*X*Y^3*Z+6*X*Y^2*Z^2+12*X*Y*Z^3+2*X^2*Y*Z+30*X*Y^2*Z+30*X*Y*Z^2+45*X*Y*Z

Algorithm definition

The algorithm ⟨3×8×22:405⟩ could be constructed using the following decomposition:

⟨3×8×22:405⟩ = ⟨3×8×3:55⟩ + ⟨3×8×19:350⟩.

This decomposition is defined by the following equality:

Trace⁡Mul⁡A_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_5_1B_5_2B_5_3B_5_4B_5_5B_5_6B_5_7B_5_8B_5_9B_5_10B_5_11B_5_12B_5_13B_5_14B_5_15B_5_16B_5_17B_5_18B_5_19B_5_20B_5_21B_5_22B_6_1B_6_2B_6_3B_6_4B_6_5B_6_6B_6_7B_6_8B_6_9B_6_10B_6_11B_6_12B_6_13B_6_14B_6_15B_6_16B_6_17B_6_18B_6_19B_6_20B_6_21B_6_22B_7_1B_7_2B_7_3B_7_4B_7_5B_7_6B_7_7B_7_8B_7_9B_7_10B_7_11B_7_12B_7_13B_7_14B_7_15B_7_16B_7_17B_7_18B_7_19B_7_20B_7_21B_7_22B_8_1B_8_2B_8_3B_8_4B_8_5B_8_6B_8_7B_8_8B_8_9B_8_10B_8_11B_8_12B_8_13B_8_14B_8_15B_8_16B_8_17B_8_18B_8_19B_8_20B_8_21B_8_22C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3=Trace⁡Mul⁡A_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_5_1B_5_2B_5_3B_6_1B_6_2B_6_3B_7_1B_7_2B_7_3B_8_1B_8_2B_8_3C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3+Trace⁡Mul⁡A_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_5_4B_5_5B_5_6B_5_7B_5_8B_5_9B_5_10B_5_11B_5_12B_5_13B_5_14B_5_15B_5_16B_5_17B_5_18B_5_19B_5_20B_5_21B_5_22B_6_4B_6_5B_6_6B_6_7B_6_8B_6_9B_6_10B_6_11B_6_12B_6_13B_6_14B_6_15B_6_16B_6_17B_6_18B_6_19B_6_20B_6_21B_6_22B_7_4B_7_5B_7_6B_7_7B_7_8B_7_9B_7_10B_7_11B_7_12B_7_13B_7_14B_7_15B_7_16B_7_17B_7_18B_7_19B_7_20B_7_21B_7_22B_8_4B_8_5B_8_6B_8_7B_8_8B_8_9B_8_10B_8_11B_8_12B_8_13B_8_14B_8_15B_8_16B_8_17B_8_18B_8_19B_8_20B_8_21B_8_22C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_5_1B_5_2B_5_3B_5_4B_5_5B_5_6B_5_7B_5_8B_5_9B_5_10B_5_11B_5_12B_5_13B_5_14B_5_15B_5_16B_5_17B_5_18B_5_19B_5_20B_5_21B_5_22B_6_1B_6_2B_6_3B_6_4B_6_5B_6_6B_6_7B_6_8B_6_9B_6_10B_6_11B_6_12B_6_13B_6_14B_6_15B_6_16B_6_17B_6_18B_6_19B_6_20B_6_21B_6_22B_7_1B_7_2B_7_3B_7_4B_7_5B_7_6B_7_7B_7_8B_7_9B_7_10B_7_11B_7_12B_7_13B_7_14B_7_15B_7_16B_7_17B_7_18B_7_19B_7_20B_7_21B_7_22B_8_1B_8_2B_8_3B_8_4B_8_5B_8_6B_8_7B_8_8B_8_9B_8_10B_8_11B_8_12B_8_13B_8_14B_8_15B_8_16B_8_17B_8_18B_8_19B_8_20B_8_21B_8_22C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_5_1B_5_2B_5_3B_6_1B_6_2B_6_3B_7_1B_7_2B_7_3B_8_1B_8_2B_8_3C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_1_5A_1_6A_1_7A_1_8A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_2_5A_2_6A_2_7A_2_8A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4A_3_5A_3_6A_3_7A_3_8B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_5_4B_5_5B_5_6B_5_7B_5_8B_5_9B_5_10B_5_11B_5_12B_5_13B_5_14B_5_15B_5_16B_5_17B_5_18B_5_19B_5_20B_5_21B_5_22B_6_4B_6_5B_6_6B_6_7B_6_8B_6_9B_6_10B_6_11B_6_12B_6_13B_6_14B_6_15B_6_16B_6_17B_6_18B_6_19B_6_20B_6_21B_6_22B_7_4B_7_5B_7_6B_7_7B_7_8B_7_9B_7_10B_7_11B_7_12B_7_13B_7_14B_7_15B_7_16B_7_17B_7_18B_7_19B_7_20B_7_21B_7_22B_8_4B_8_5B_8_6B_8_7B_8_8B_8_9B_8_10B_8_11B_8_12B_8_13B_8_14B_8_15B_8_16B_8_17B_8_18B_8_19B_8_20B_8_21B_8_22C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 8, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4,A_1_5,A_1_6,A_1_7,A_1_8],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4,A_2_5,A_2_6,A_2_7,A_2_8],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4,A_3_5,A_3_6,A_3_7,A_3_8]]),Matrix(8, 22, [[B_1_1,B_1_2,B_1_3,B_1_4,B_1_5,B_1_6,B_1_7,B_1_8,B_1_9,B_1_10,B_1_11,B_1_12,B_1_13,B_1_14,B_1_15,B_1_16,B_1_17,B_1_18,B_1_19,B_1_20,B_1_21,B_1_22],[B_2_1,B_2_2,B_2_3,B_2_4,B_2_5,B_2_6,B_2_7,B_2_8,B_2_9,B_2_10,B_2_11,B_2_12,B_2_13,B_2_14,B_2_15,B_2_16,B_2_17,B_2_18,B_2_19,B_2_20,B_2_21,B_2_22],[B_3_1,B_3_2,B_3_3,B_3_4,B_3_5,B_3_6,B_3_7,B_3_8,B_3_9,B_3_10,B_3_11,B_3_12,B_3_13,B_3_14,B_3_15,B_3_16,B_3_17,B_3_18,B_3_19,B_3_20,B_3_21,B_3_22],[B_4_1,B_4_2,B_4_3,B_4_4,B_4_5,B_4_6,B_4_7,B_4_8,B_4_9,B_4_10,B_4_11,B_4_12,B_4_13,B_4_14,B_4_15,B_4_16,B_4_17,B_4_18,B_4_19,B_4_20,B_4_21,B_4_22],[B_5_1,B_5_2,B_5_3,B_5_4,B_5_5,B_5_6,B_5_7,B_5_8,B_5_9,B_5_10,B_5_11,B_5_12,B_5_13,B_5_14,B_5_15,B_5_16,B_5_17,B_5_18,B_5_19,B_5_20,B_5_21,B_5_22],[B_6_1,B_6_2,B_6_3,B_6_4,B_6_5,B_6_6,B_6_7,B_6_8,B_6_9,B_6_10,B_6_11,B_6_12,B_6_13,B_6_14,B_6_15,B_6_16,B_6_17,B_6_18,B_6_19,B_6_20,B_6_21,B_6_22],[B_7_1,B_7_2,B_7_3,B_7_4,B_7_5,B_7_6,B_7_7,B_7_8,B_7_9,B_7_10,B_7_11,B_7_12,B_7_13,B_7_14,B_7_15,B_7_16,B_7_17,B_7_18,B_7_19,B_7_20,B_7_21,B_7_22],[B_8_1,B_8_2,B_8_3,B_8_4,B_8_5,B_8_6,B_8_7,B_8_8,B_8_9,B_8_10,B_8_11,B_8_12,B_8_13,B_8_14,B_8_15,B_8_16,B_8_17,B_8_18,B_8_19,B_8_20,B_8_21,B_8_22]]),Matrix(22, 3, [[C_1_1,C_1_2,C_1_3],[C_2_1,C_2_2,C_2_3],[C_3_1,C_3_2,C_3_3],[C_4_1,C_4_2,C_4_3],[C_5_1,C_5_2,C_5_3],[C_6_1,C_6_2,C_6_3],[C_7_1,C_7_2,C_7_3],[C_8_1,C_8_2,C_8_3],[C_9_1,C_9_2,C_9_3],[C_10_1,C_10_2,C_10_3],[C_11_1,C_11_2,C_11_3],[C_12_1,C_12_2,C_12_3],[C_13_1,C_13_2,C_13_3],[C_14_1,C_14_2,C_14_3],[C_15_1,C_15_2,C_15_3],[C_16_1,C_16_2,C_16_3],[C_17_1,C_17_2,C_17_3],[C_18_1,C_18_2,C_18_3],[C_19_1,C_19_2,C_19_3],[C_20_1,C_20_2,C_20_3],[C_21_1,C_21_2,C_21_3],[C_22_1,C_22_2,C_22_3]]))) = Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 8, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4,A_1_5,A_1_6,A_1_7,A_1_8],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4,A_2_5,A_2_6,A_2_7,A_2_8],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4,A_3_5,A_3_6,A_3_7,A_3_8]]),Matrix(8, 3, [[B_1_1,B_1_2,B_1_3],[B_2_1,B_2_2,B_2_3],[B_3_1,B_3_2,B_3_3],[B_4_1,B_4_2,B_4_3],[B_5_1,B_5_2,B_5_3],[B_6_1,B_6_2,B_6_3],[B_7_1,B_7_2,B_7_3],[B_8_1,B_8_2,B_8_3]]),Matrix(3, 3, [[C_1_1,C_1_2,C_1_3],[C_2_1,C_2_2,C_2_3],[C_3_1,C_3_2,C_3_3]])))+Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 8, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4,A_1_5,A_1_6,A_1_7,A_1_8],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4,A_2_5,A_2_6,A_2_7,A_2_8],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4,A_3_5,A_3_6,A_3_7,A_3_8]]),Matrix(8, 19, [[B_1_4,B_1_5,B_1_6,B_1_7,B_1_8,B_1_9,B_1_10,B_1_11,B_1_12,B_1_13,B_1_14,B_1_15,B_1_16,B_1_17,B_1_18,B_1_19,B_1_20,B_1_21,B_1_22],[B_2_4,B_2_5,B_2_6,B_2_7,B_2_8,B_2_9,B_2_10,B_2_11,B_2_12,B_2_13,B_2_14,B_2_15,B_2_16,B_2_17,B_2_18,B_2_19,B_2_20,B_2_21,B_2_22],[B_3_4,B_3_5,B_3_6,B_3_7,B_3_8,B_3_9,B_3_10,B_3_11,B_3_12,B_3_13,B_3_14,B_3_15,B_3_16,B_3_17,B_3_18,B_3_19,B_3_20,B_3_21,B_3_22],[B_4_4,B_4_5,B_4_6,B_4_7,B_4_8,B_4_9,B_4_10,B_4_11,B_4_12,B_4_13,B_4_14,B_4_15,B_4_16,B_4_17,B_4_18,B_4_19,B_4_20,B_4_21,B_4_22],[B_5_4,B_5_5,B_5_6,B_5_7,B_5_8,B_5_9,B_5_10,B_5_11,B_5_12,B_5_13,B_5_14,B_5_15,B_5_16,B_5_17,B_5_18,B_5_19,B_5_20,B_5_21,B_5_22],[B_6_4,B_6_5,B_6_6,B_6_7,B_6_8,B_6_9,B_6_10,B_6_11,B_6_12,B_6_13,B_6_14,B_6_15,B_6_16,B_6_17,B_6_18,B_6_19,B_6_20,B_6_21,B_6_22],[B_7_4,B_7_5,B_7_6,B_7_7,B_7_8,B_7_9,B_7_10,B_7_11,B_7_12,B_7_13,B_7_14,B_7_15,B_7_16,B_7_17,B_7_18,B_7_19,B_7_20,B_7_21,B_7_22],[B_8_4,B_8_5,B_8_6,B_8_7,B_8_8,B_8_9,B_8_10,B_8_11,B_8_12,B_8_13,B_8_14,B_8_15,B_8_16,B_8_17,B_8_18,B_8_19,B_8_20,B_8_21,B_8_22]]),Matrix(19, 3, [[C_4_1,C_4_2,C_4_3],[C_5_1,C_5_2,C_5_3],[C_6_1,C_6_2,C_6_3],[C_7_1,C_7_2,C_7_3],[C_8_1,C_8_2,C_8_3],[C_9_1,C_9_2,C_9_3],[C_10_1,C_10_2,C_10_3],[C_11_1,C_11_2,C_11_3],[C_12_1,C_12_2,C_12_3],[C_13_1,C_13_2,C_13_3],[C_14_1,C_14_2,C_14_3],[C_15_1,C_15_2,C_15_3],[C_16_1,C_16_2,C_16_3],[C_17_1,C_17_2,C_17_3],[C_18_1,C_18_2,C_18_3],[C_19_1,C_19_2,C_19_3],[C_20_1,C_20_2,C_20_3],[C_21_1,C_21_2,C_21_3],[C_22_1,C_22_2,C_22_3]])))

N.B.: for any matrices A, B and C such that the expression Tr(Mul(A,B,C)) is defined, one can construct several trilinear homogeneous polynomials P(A,B,C) such that P(A,B,C)=Tr(Mul(A,B,C)) (P(A,B,C) variables are A,B and C's coefficients). Each trilinear P expression encodes a matrix multiplication algorithm: the coefficient in C_i_j of P(A,B,C) is the (i,j)-th entry of the matrix product Mul(A,B)=Transpose(C).

Algorithm description

These encodings are given in compressed text format using the maple computer algebra system. In each cases, the last line could be understood as a description of the encoding with respect to classical matrix multiplication algorithm. As these outputs are structured, one can construct easily a parser to its favorite format using the maple documentation without this software.

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